Device and method for anastomosis

ABSTRACT

A device for forming an anastomosis of blood vessels or ducts comprises: first and second engagement structures ( 7, 10; 35 ) for respectively engaging a first end portion ( 2 ) of a blood vessel ( 1 ) or of a prosthesis and a second end or side portion ( 4, 4 ′) of the blood vessel ( 1 ) or prosthesis; and a mechanism ( 14, 14 ′) for reciprocally connecting the first and second engagement structures. The first engagement structure ( 7, 10 ) comprise one or more piercing elements ( 6 ) adapted to only partially penetrate the side wall of the blood vessel ( 1 ) so as to avoid direct contact between the elements ( 6 ) and the blood inside the vessel or prosthesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a device and method for anastomosis.

In surgery, the term “anastomosis” is used to mean a connection made surgically between two hollow structures.

In particular, when the structures connected are the two ends of a blood vessel, a lymphatic vessel or other type of duct, the operation is called end-to-end anastomosis and its purpose is to restore flow to the vessel or duct.

The surgical connection between an end portion of a blood vessel to a side portion of a vessel wall, on the other hand, is termed “end-to-side anastomosis”.

This specification expressly refers to vascular anastomosis applied to the human body, without thereby restricting the scope of the invention.

The earliest method of anastomosing two parts of a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel consists in suturing the free ends of the vessel with thread.

This method, commonly known as suture anastomosis, has several disadvantages, the main one being that the suture produces a scar which, however small, prevents original flow from being perfectly restored to the vessel.

In this connection, it should be stressed that blood vessels are made up of several layers. The first, innermost layer, called endothelium, is covered by a second, middle layer called tunica media. The tunica media is in turn covered by a third layer, known as tunica adventitia.

It is therefore relatively easy for suturing to cause misalignment of some kind between the layers of one end of the vessel and the corresponding layers of the end of the other vessel. This is also a drawback in the case of lymphatic vessels, which have a similar layered structure.

A second drawback is due to the fact that blood vessel suturing must be done by hand by a specialized surgeon because it is a complex operation that cannot be left to surgeons who are not highly skilled in this specific art.

Another known method of anastomosing two parts of a blood or lymphatic vessel is to use mechanical clamping devices designed to turn the ends to be connected inside out and to then join the inside walls of the vessel ends to each other.

This surgical technique (mechanical anastomosis by eversion), although simpler than suture anastomosis, is even less effective in restoring flow to the vessel.

For example, in the specific case of blood vessels, only the intimal layers are in contact with each other.

Besides this, mechanical anastomosis by eversion has other serious drawbacks which may be dangerous to the patients.

One drawback is due to the fact that everting the vessel ends may cause the ends to break, especially in the case of vessels larger than 3 mm in diameter whose walls are stiffened by arteriosclerosis.

Another complication, specific to blood vessels, is caused by the fact that the inside layers of the vessel ends, after being turned inside out and placed side by side, are no longer exposed to blood flow and therefore tend to atrophy, which in turn leads to narrowing of the blood vessel and reduction of the blood flow through it. The smaller the diameter of the vessel being operated on is, the more serious this problem is.

In other mechanical anastomosis methods (such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,540) the two ends of the vessels to be joined are not placed in contact and, instead, metallic components are left in contact with the blood flowing through the vessel. This produces an extremely dangerous condition which exposes the anastomosis to risk of immediate occlusion caused by the formation of a blood clot.

The prior patent application BO2000A000169, in the name of the same Applicant, describes an apparatus for end-to-end anastomosis in which the means for mutually connecting the vessel portions to be anastomosed enable the ends of the vessel to be held in place exactly so that the edges of the vessel match perfectly.

This solution solves many of the above mentioned problems thanks to its simple construction and to the fact that, once implanted, it enables the vessel to be reconstructed completely.

Although contamination of the blood due to contact with the connecting parts of the apparatus is less serious than in earlier solutions, the problem has not been totally solved, especially when the connecting parts are made of metal.

Indeed, it has been found that contact between metal and blood tends to cause stenosis, that is to say, abnormal narrowing of the blood vessel, which may lead to total occlusion of the vessel in a period of 6 months to 1 year.

Those in the art have proposed to overcome the problem by chemically coating the metals with anti-stenosis substances, that is to say, substances that inhibit occlusions.

This solution has, however, produced serious problems because in many cases, the chemically coated metal parts in contact with the blood favor the formation of thrombi and the onset of acute thromboses that come sharply to a crisis, exposing patients to the risk of heart failure and, in some cases, leading to death.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aim of the present invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for mechanical anastomosis that overcomes the problems caused by contact between the metal or artificial parts and the blood.

Another aim of the invention is to propose an anastomosis device that permits flow in the blood vessel to be re-established more effectively than prior art devices.

These aims are achieved by a device and method according to the main claims.

A first advantage of the invention is that contact between the connecting parts and the blood vessel is limited to the vessel wall, leaving the inside surface free, and there is therefore no contact with the blood inside the vessel.

Another advantage is that the layers making up the blood vessel are only partially broken which means that, after the operation, the vessel heals more quickly.

Yet another advantage is that the device supports the vessel wall radially from the outside at its front edge so that it maintains the required size and is prevented from contracting.

A yet further advantage is the absence of interference between the engagement means and the free front edge of the vessel, which, combined with the ability to keep the vessel at the required, measured size, permits an optimum connection between the different layers making up the anastomosed parts of the vessel.

A yet further aim of the invention is to propose a simplified anastomosis apparatus whose use can be learned in a very short time and which permits the formation of anastomoses of constant quality.

A still further aim of the invention is to propose an anastomosis apparatus that reduces the time required for the anastomosis operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of it and in which:

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of an embodiment of the device according to the present invention in an end-to-end application;

FIG. 2 is a cross section of the apparatus of FIG. 1 in a working configuration;

FIG. 3 is a detail view from above showing an outer connecting cylinder of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIGS. 4 a and 4 b are, respectively, a cross section similar to FIG. 2 but showing a different embodiment of the connecting means, and a detail view from above of an outer connecting cylinder of the apparatus of FIG. 4 a;

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b illustrate an applicator for the device according to the invention, the applicator being shown, respectively, in the open configuration and in the closed configuration in which it applies the device to an anastomosed vessel;

FIG. 6 is a cross section of a device according to the present invention in an end-to-side anastomosis application.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to FIG. 1, the numerals 2 and 4 denote a first and a second end portion of a blood vessel wall to be connected by end-to-end anastomosis.

In the embodiments described, the device according to the invention comprises:

-   -   at least one first engagement element 7 for grasping one of the         end portions 2, 4 of the blood vessel; and     -   at least one second engagement element 10 designed to securely         engage a first element 7 applied to a respective end portion 2,         4.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4 a, relating to an end-to-end application, the device also comprises a second connecting element consisting of an outer cylinder 14 for reciprocally connecting two second engagement elements 10 applied to the end portions 2, 4 of the vessel.

Looking in more detail, the first engagement element 7 consists of a substantially cylindrical body comprising an uninterrupted ring-shaped part 8 which has a plurality of longitudinal legs 6 protruding from the front of it, preferably equispaced and positioned in such a way as to form an annular protrusion or stop lip 9 on the front surface of the ring 8.

The second engagement element 10 consists of a cylindrical element whose outside diameter is equal to the uninterrupted ring-shaped portion 8 of the cylinder 7 and which preferably has an annular recess 13 made in its outside surface.

Further, the inside diameter of the middle cylinder 10 is such that the latter can precisely slide over the inner cylinder 7 until it comes to a stop against the protrusion 9 and remains locked to the cylinder 7 with slight mechanical interference.

Inside, the cylinder 10 has a tapered profile 28 that converges towards its front portion 26, so that the inside diameter at the free edge of the front portion 26 substantially coincides with the inside diameter of the uninterrupted portion 8 of the inner cylinder 7.

The outer cylinder 14, shown in more detail in FIG. 3, has an inside diameter that is equal to, or slightly larger than, the outside diameter of the middle cylinder 10, and presents a substantially H-shaped cavity 29, within which there protrude two flexible tabs 15, which converge inwards slightly and are positioned in such a way that, when the outer cylinder is placed over the cylinder 10, the tabs 15 are aligned with, and can snap into, the recess 13.

Described below with reference in particular to FIG. 2 is the configuration of the device applied to two end portions 2, 4 in an end-to-end anastomosis.

In the application configuration of the device, each of the end portions 2, 4 to be connected is inserted into a cylinder 7 with the legs 6 facing the free edge 25 of the vessel wall. To enable the inner cylinders 7 to grasp the end portions 2, 4 of the vessel wall 1, the cylinders 7 are made to slide lengthwise in the middle cylinders 10 in such a way that the legs 6, initially coaxial and parallel to the vessel wall, or slightly divergent, are made to bend inwards by contact with the tapered profile 28 so that they converge towards the inside of each cylinder 7, pressing against the upper surface 24 of the vessel wall 1 and partially penetrating the latter close to the free edge 25.

Advantageously, the depth to which the legs 6 penetrate the vessel wall 1 is determined by the special shape of the legs 6 and of the tapered profile 28 of the cylinder 10, which are so designed that the legs do not go right through the vessel wall, thus avoiding contact between the legs 6 and the blood inside the vessel.

Once the cylinders 7 have been inserted into the cylinders 10, both the end portions 2, 4 are securely fastened by the respective inner cylinder 7 whose legs 6 grasp the vessel walls 1 and which is in turn stably coupled to the middle cylinder 10 by a mechanical interference fit, although it will be understood that the stable coupling between the inner cylinder 7 and the middle cylinder 10 might also be accomplished by bayonet coupling, snap fitting, screw fastening or other suitable fastening means.

At this point, to complete the connection between the portions 2 and 4, it is sufficient to insert the middle cylinders 10 into the two ends of the outer cylinder 14 until the respective tabs 13 snap into the recesses 15 in the cylinders 10.

Under these conditions; illustrated in cross section in FIG. 2, the outer cylinder 14 holds together the middle cylinders 10 which are in turn locked to the inner cylinders 7 grasping the walls 1 of the end portions 2 and 4.

Further, the anastomosed blood vessel has no foreign objects protruding on the inside of it to interrupt the continuity of its lumen, with the advantage of not contaminating the blood or reducing normal blood flow.

Moreover, the legs 6 keep the vessel wall 1 at a precisely measured diameter, which is the same as that of the two end portions 2 and 4 so that the free edges 25 of both coincide exactly and the different layers of the anastomosed vessel tissue are properly healed.

With reference to FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, the connection between the components of the device may also be made, instead of or in combination with the above, by providing the outer surface of the uninterrupted ring-shaped portion 8 of the inner cylinder 7 with an annular recess 13′ similar to the recess 13, combined with tabs 15′ (similar to the tabs 15 described above) on the cylinder 14 made at that recess.

In this case, all the components are “packed” in the outer cylinder 14, thus guaranteeing the stability of the connection even in the absence of a stable coupling between the inner cylinder 7 and the middle cylinder 10.

Described below with reference to FIGS. 5 a, 5 b is an applicator apparatus for implanting a device according to the invention to the end portions 2, 4 of a blood vessel.

The applicator comprises a rod 30 which is equipped at one end with a nosepiece 43 of measured diameter and which, by means of a threaded coupling 31, can be screwed into a hollow piston 32 against the action of a spring 39.

The piston 32 is in turn slidable, by means of a second screw coupling 33, inside a hollow body 34, whose top end has a number of flexible tabs 35 normally spread outwards and extending frontally past the nosepiece 43.

A slider 36 can also move on the outside of the hollow body 34, constrained by a tooth 37 that slides in a longitudinal groove 38 made in the body 34.

The slider 36 can adopt a first position in which the tabs are spread apart (FIG. 5 a) and a second end position (FIG. 5 b) in which the slider has moved towards the end of the body 34 and forced the tabs 35 to converge and close.

To use the applicator, a cylinder 10 is inserted into it through the opening defined by the tabs 35 until the front portion 26 stops against the head 41 of the piston 32.

Next, a circular staple 7 is partially inserted into the cylinder 10 without forcing and the tabs 35 are closed and positioned at the back in such a way as to hold the ring portion 8 of the circular staple 7.

By operating the applicator, the surgeon inserts a vessel end portion 2 through the circular staple 7 and the cylinder 10 until the edge 25 of the vessel 2 is made to touch on the head 41 of the piston 32.

Preferably, the front portion 26 of the cylinder 10 also has a set of semicircular indentations 27 which, during use, ensure that the vessel end portion 2, 4 to which the device is applied is correctly positioned.

Advantageously, the indentations 27 of the cylinder 10 ensure that the vessel wall has stopped against the piston 32.

By operating on the grip 40 of the rod 30, it is now possible to advance the nosepiece 43 into the vessel 2 in such a way that the vessel remains precisely clamped between the nosepiece 43 itself and the inside surface at the front of the cylinder 10.

The nosepiece is preferably variable in diameter and consists, for example, of a helical wire winding extending in the direction of the rod 30, where the two ends of the helix are fixed to respective elements that can turn relative to each other in such a way so as to move closer together/apart and thus vary the radial dimension of the winding.

By twisting the grip 41 of the piston 32, the surgeon can now advance the piston relative to the tab body so that the tabs and the piston come into contact and clamp the circular staple 7 within the cylinder 10.

As described above, when the legs 6 come into contact with the tapered inside surface 28 of the cylinder 10, they are forced to converge and partially penetrate the vessel wall 2.

Once clamped by the piston 32, the staple 7 is held by interference in the cylinder 10, whilst the vessel wall 2 is retained frontally and radially by the legs 6, with the edge 25 flush with or just protruding from the front 26 of the cylinder 10 and with an internal diameter or lumen defined by the size of the nosepiece 43 used.

At this point, it is sufficient to twist the piston 32 in the opposite direction to retract the slider 36 to open the tabs 35 and release the applicator from the vessel wall.

Once the device has been applied, the vessel end portions 2, 4 have a desired measured diameter thanks to the hold that the legs 6 have on the edge 25. Also, the edge 25 of each of the two end portions remains whole, completely free from external elements, and the vessel protruding elements on the inside of it.

It is evident that, under these conditions, optimum flow is re-established naturally in the blood vessel without external elements or interruptions leading to the above mentioned vessel healing difficulties and to the possible formation of stenosis due to the contact of extraneous elements with the blood.

For reciprocally connecting the two ends 2, 4, provided by the applicator of an engagement device, it is sufficient to apply an outer cylindrical element 14 as described above.

Described below with reference to FIG. 6 is a device according to the invention used for forming an end-to-side anastomosis.

For convenience, where possible, parts corresponding to those described above have assigned to them the same reference numbers as those used above.

In this case, the anastomosis device according to the invention is connected to an end portion 2 of a blood vessel in the same way described above and an applicator like the one already described.

Unlike the above, the outer connecting element consists, in this case, of an outer cylindrical element 14′ forming part of a side connecting unit, generically labeled 35 in FIG. 6.

As described above with reference to the connection between the tabs 15 and the recess 13, the element 14′ also has elastically deformable tabs 15′ designed to snap into the recess 13 in the cylindrical element 10, in order to prevent the end portion 2 from being moved away.

For example, the means for engaging the unit 35 with the vessel wall (which do not in themselves form part of the invention and are therefore not described in detail) may comprise a side connecting element 16 joined stably, either removably or not, to the end connection 14′ and designed to be placed at least partially over a side portion 4′ of the vessel.

In the schematic example illustrated in FIG. 6, the side element 16 has a central hole 20 which communicates with the element 14′ and whose position is such that it can be aligned, during use, with a cut 24 made in the vessel wall 4′ by a suitable circular scalpel according to a known method.

The element 16 is equipped with means for fastening it to the portion 4′ and consisting for example of fasteners 17, such as metal staples, with or without shape memory, adapted to engage with the wall 4′.

The means for fastening the element 16 to the portion 4′ may be of a different type such as, for example, mechanical means (clamps) or glued means.

As stated above, although the invention is especially advantageous for anastomosing blood vessels, the device and the applicator described above may also be used for prosthesis applications.

This invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments of it but it will be understood that it may be modified and adapted in several ways without thereby departing from the scope of the inventive concept. 

1. A device for forming an anastomosis of blood vessels, comprising first engagement means (7, 10) for engaging at least a first end portion (2) of a blood vessel (1) or of a prosthesis, wherein the first engagement means (7, 10) comprise one or more piercing elements (6) adapted to only partially penetrate the wall of the blood vessel (1) so as to avoid direct contact between the elements (6) and the blood inside the vessel or prosthesis.
 2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the first engagement means (7, 10) comprise a first cylindrical element (7) consisting of a ring (8) and a plurality of deformable longitudinal legs (6) which extend from the front of the ring (8) and which are designed to bend inwards during use in such a way as to pierce the vessel wall (1) in the vicinity of a front edge (25) of the end portion (2, 4).
 3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the first engagement means comprise a second cylindrical element (10) into which the first cylindrical element (7) can be inserted and whose inside surface has a tapered profile (28) that converges towards a front portion (26) so as to bend the legs (6) of the first cylindrical element (7) inwards to a predetermined extent.
 4. The device according to claim 3, wherein the front portion (26) of the second cylindrical element (10) has a set of semicircular indentations (27) made in it.
 5. The device according to claim 3, wherein the first cylindrical element (7) can be inserted into the second cylindrical element (10) until the second cylindrical element (10) comes into contact with an outer stop lip (9) on the ring (8) designed to prevent the first cylindrical element (7) from sliding lengthwise further into the second cylindrical element (10).
 6. The device according to claim 3, wherein the first cylindrical element (7) can be inserted into the second cylindrical element (10) stably by mechanical interference.
 7. The device according to claim 3, wherein the first engagement means (7, 10) comprise another first cylindrical element (7) designed to engage a second end portion (4) of the vessel (1) and another second cylindrical element (10) designed to engage the corresponding first cylindrical element (7), and in that it comprises means (14) for reciprocally connecting the first engagement means (7, 10) applied to the first and second end portions (2, 4), respectively.
 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein the reciprocal connecting means (14) consist of a cylindrical element (14) into which the second cylinders (10) can be inserted precisely and which is equipped with means (15) to prevent the second cylinders (10) from sliding in at least a first longitudinal direction.
 9. The device according to claim 7, wherein the reciprocal connecting means (14) consist of a cylindrical element (14) into which the first cylinders (7) can be inserted precisely and which is equipped with means (15′) to prevent the first cylinders (7) from sliding in at least a first longitudinal direction.
 10. The device according to claim 7, wherein the connecting means (14) comprise snap fixing means (13, 15; 13′, 15′).
 11. The device according to claim 10, wherein the snap fixing means (13, 15; 13′, 15′) comprise at least one tab (15, 15′) on the cylinder (14), protruding slightly into the cylinder (14′) in such a way as to snap into an external annular recess (13, 13′) made in the outside-surface of the cylinder (10) or of the cylinder (7).
 12. The device according to claim 1, further comprising second means (35) for engaging a side portion (4′) of a vessel or prosthesis and in that it comprises means (14′) for reciprocally connecting the first engagement means (7, 10) applied to the end portions (2, 4) with the second engagement means (35) applied to the side portion (4′) of a vessel or prosthesis.
 13. The device according to claim 12, wherein the second engagement means (35) comprise a saddle-shaped element (16) which can be placed at least partially over a side portion (4′) of the vessel or prosthesis and which is equipped with means (17) for fastening it to the side portion (4′) of the vessel, and in that the connecting means (14′) comprise a portion of cylindrical element (14′) into which the second cylinder (10) can be stably inserted, the element (16) having a central hole (20) that communicates with the portion of cylindrical element (14′) to allow blood to flow between the end portion (2) and the side portion (4′).
 14. An applicator for applying an anastomosis device according to claim 3 to an end portion (2, 4) of a vessel (1), comprising means (30, 43) for precisely engaging the inside surface of an end portion (2, 4) of a blood vessel or prosthesis, and means (32, 38) for tightening the first and second engagement elements (7, 10) to each other in a longitudinal direction so as to fix them to the portions (2, 4).
 15. The applicator according to claim 14, wherein the internal engagement means (30) comprise a nosepiece (43) of measured diameter located at one end of a rod (30) that slides inside a hollow cylinder (32) which in turn slides inside a hollow body (34) that has retaining elements (35) at its top end.
 16. The applicator according to claim 15, wherein the piston (32) acts on the front part (26) of a second element (10) inserted in the applicator, and in that the retaining elements (35) comprise a plurality of flexible tabs (35) normally spread apart and acted upon by a slider (36) which is constrained by a tooth (37) to slide in a longitudinal groove (38) made in the body (34) in such a way as to move between a first position in which the tabs are spread apart and a second position in which the slider is over the tabs (35) and forces them to bend inwards and to clamp the back of the first engagement element (7).
 17. The applicator according to claim 15, wherein the nosepiece (43) is variable in diameter.
 18. The applicator according to claim 17, wherein the nosepiece (43) consists of two or more radially expandable elements.
 19. The applicator according to claim 18, wherein the nosepiece (43) consists of a helical wire winding extending in the direction of the rod (30), where the two ends of the helix can turn relative to each other in such a way so as to move closer together/apart and thus vary the radial dimension of the winding.
 20. A method for forming an anastomosis of blood vessels, comprising the steps of: positioning piercing means (6) to engage at least one end portion (2, 4) or a side portion (4′) of a blood vessel to be anastomosed; and positioning means for reciprocally connecting two of said end or side portions; the method being wherein at least a part of the piercing means (6) are adapted to only partially penetrate the blood vessel wall so as to prevent direct contact between said means and the blood inside the vessel.
 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein at least a part of the piercing means (6) are guided to pierce the vessel wall (2, 4, 4′) to a predetermined depth. 